Difference between revisions of "Functional programming/en"

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== Basic introduction ==  
 
== Basic introduction ==  
  
−
The course introduces the functional style of programming. It covers basic properties of the functional programming like: the side effect-free programming, functions as first-class values, high-order functions, recursion, pattern matching, or function closures. Also, course introduces selected data structures like a list and a tree and a functional style of working with these structures. As a programming language, Haskell will be used. It is a pure functional, statically typed, lazy evaluated language.
+
The course introduces the functional style of programming. It covers basic properties of the functional programming like: the side effect-free programming, functions as first-class values, high-order functions, recursion, pattern matching, or function closures. Also, course introduces selected data structures like a list and a tree and a functional style of working with these structures. As a programming language, Haskell will be used. It is a pure functional, statically typed, lazy evaluated language.  
  
 
===Subject aims expressed by acquired skills and competences===
 
===Subject aims expressed by acquired skills and competences===
Line 9: Line 9:
 
===Recommended literature===
 
===Recommended literature===
 
*Lipovaca M.:Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!: A Beginner's Guide (1st ed.). No Starch Press, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2011 - for free at: http://learnyouahaskell.com/
 
*Lipovaca M.:Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!: A Beginner's Guide (1st ed.). No Starch Press, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2011 - for free at: http://learnyouahaskell.com/
 +
 +
*Wiki Books: Haskell, for free at: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell
  
 
*O'Sullivan B., Goerzen J., Stewart D.: Real world Haskell, O'Reilly Media, Inc. 2008. ISBN:0596514980 - for free at: http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/
 
*O'Sullivan B., Goerzen J., Stewart D.: Real world Haskell, O'Reilly Media, Inc. 2008. ISBN:0596514980 - for free at: http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/
Line 15: Line 17:
  
 
===Way of continuous check of knowledge in the course of semester===
 
===Way of continuous check of knowledge in the course of semester===
−
During the exercises, students will be programming assigned tasks. The results of these tasks will be the crucial part of the final evaluation. Additionally, two smaller projects will be given.  
+
During the exercises, students will be programming assigned tasks. Additionally, two smaller projects will be given.  
  
 
== Software ==
 
== Software ==
−
In our lectures, we will be using [https://www.haskell.org/downloads/#platform Haskell Platform] with [https://code.visualstudio.com/ Visual Studio Code]. For VS Code, we will be using two extensions:
+
In our lectures, we will be using [https://www.haskell.org/downloads/#platform Haskell Platform] with [https://code.visualstudio.com/ Visual Studio Code]. For VS Code, we will be using an extension:
−
*[https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=Vans.haskero Haskero]
+
*[https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=haskell.haskell Haskell]
−
*[https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=phoityne.phoityne-vscode Haskell GHCi Debug Adapter Phoityne]
 
  
−
=== Installation guide Windows (single user) ===
+
More information about various options for work environments can be found: [[FP_installation_guide | Installation Guide]]
  
−
# Download and install Haskell platform from [https://www.haskell.org/platform/windows.html https://www.haskell.org/platform/windows.html]
+
== Presentations ==
−
#* Use default paths. Installer adds to system variable <code>PATH</code> a path to executable <code>stack.exe</code>.
+
<span id="presentations"></span>
−
# Download and install VS Code [https://code.visualstudio.com/#alt-downloads https://code.visualstudio.com/#alt-downloads]
+
Presentations used in our lectures:
−
# Open <code>cmd</code> and type:<pre class="bash">stack install intero phoityne-vscode haskell-dap --system-ghc</pre>
 
−
# Open file <code>c:\sr\config.yaml</code> and add a line <pre>system-ghc : true</pre>
 
−
#* Attribute <code>--system-ghc</code> is optional and redundant to previous step (it is the same setting, but global).
 
−
# Open VS Code and install extensions:
 
−
#* Haskero
 
−
#* Haskell GHCi Debug Adapter Phoityne
 
  
−
=== Installation guide Windows (all users) ===
+
[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_uvod.pdf Úvod do FPR] [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_introduction.pdf Introduction to FPR]
−
This guide assumes, that there is on user, that prepares the development environment for other user.
 
−
<ol>
 
−
<li>Download and install Haskell platform from [https://www.haskell.org/platform/windows.html https://www.haskell.org/platform/windows.html] </li>
 
−
<li>* For <code>stack</code>, use a path accessible to all user (for example <code>c:\stack</code>). Installer adds to user variable <code>PATH</code> a path to executable <code>stack.exe</code>, and adds a new user variable <code>STACK_ROOT</code>. Move these values from user variables to system variables.
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li>Download and install VS Code [https://code.visualstudio.com/#alt-downloads https://code.visualstudio.com/#alt-downloads]. Use the system installer.</li>
 
−
<li>Open <code>cmd</code> and type:<pre class="bash">stack install intero phoityne-vscode haskell-dap --system-ghc</pre>
 
−
* It will generate some executable files to default location: <code>c:\Users\ -- YOUR NAME -- \AppData\Roaming\local\bin\</code> move them to the directory with <code>stack.exe</code>.
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li>Open file <code>c:\sr\config.yaml</code> and add lines:
 
−
<pre>
 
−
system-ghc : true
 
−
skip-msys : true
 
−
</pre>
 
−
These settings save time and space on disk (it will not install GHC while installing packages and [https://www.msys2.org/ MSYS2] for every user).
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li> Open VS Code and install extensions:
 
−
* Haskero
 
−
* Haskell GHCi Debug Adapter Phoityne
 
−
</li>
 
−
</ol>
 
  
−
=== Installation guide Ubuntu (single users) ===
+
[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf Základy funkcionálního programování]
−
<ol>
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf#page=19 Page 17] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/641a45ILdkc]] CZ
−
<li>Perform following commands:
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf#page=39 Page 37] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/6eXCGAlI3FM]] CZ
−
<pre class="bash">
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf#page=36 Page 34] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/RlQumT3LNfI]] CZ
−
sudo apt-get install haskell-platform
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf#page=44 Page 42] Lists [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/qJyi7fuICT0]] Tuples [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/axb0WOROuf0]] CZ
−
sudo apt-get install haskell-stack
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf#page=50 Page 48] Theory [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/XINafdmXTIE]] Example [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/6jawdNysjs8]] CZ
−
sudo snap install code --classic
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf#page=57 Page 55] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/QHtGADjvwCU]] CZ
−
</pre>
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf#page=72 Page 70] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/Tf7tyJbHDuo]] CZ
−
* ''Optional step'' - Right now (August, 2019) Haskell Platform from Ubuntu repositories contains GHC 8.4.4. Stack current default resolver is lts-14.00. It requires GHC version 8.6.5. It will automatically download this version. To save disk space, you can generate stack global config (for example <code>stack path</code>) and change the global resolver in file <code>~/.stack/global-project/stack.yaml</code> to <code>lts-12.15</code>. Then open file <code>~/.stack/config.yaml</code> and add lines:  
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_zaklady.pdf#page=82 Page 80] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/tOmNZNCWICg]] CZ
−
<pre>
 
−
system-ghc : true
 
−
skip-ghc-check: true
 
−
</pre>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li> Continue with installation of required packages:
 
−
<pre class="bash">
 
−
stack install intero phoityne-vscode haskell-dap
 
−
</pre></li>
 
−
<li> Open VS Code and install extensions:
 
−
* Haskero
 
−
* Haskell GHCi Debug Adapter Phoityne
 
−
</li>
 
−
</ol>
 
  
−
=== Installation guide Ubuntu (all users) ===
+
[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf Basics of functional Programming]
−
<ol>
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=19 Page 17] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/ZAR4ZPkTRSI]] EN
−
<li>
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=39 Page 37] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/se5G4KjvGh8]] EN
−
Perform following commands:
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=36 Page 34] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/jgOIsTomglM]] EN
−
<pre class="bash">
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=44 Page 42] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/GeFUKjhz46s]] EN
−
sudo apt-get install haskell-platform
+
*[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=50 Page 48] [[File:Video logo.png|80px|link=https://youtu.be/xKEMJPES9K4]] EN
−
sudo apt-get install haskell-stack
 
−
sudo snap install code --classic
 
−
</pre>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li>Create a directory that will be a stack root, it should be readable by all users (for example <code>/opt/stack</code>).</li>
 
−
<li>Create a file <code>/etc/profile.d/stack.sh</code> with following line:<CODE>export STACK_ROOT=</CODE>''your stack root directory''</li>
 
−
<li>Create a file <code>/etc/stack/config.yaml</code> with following lines:
 
−
<pre>
 
−
skip-ghc-check: true
 
−
system-ghc: true
 
−
allow-different-user: true
 
−
</pre>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li>Generate stack global config (for example <code>stack path</code>) and change the global resolver in file <code>$STACK_ROOT/global-project/stack.yaml</code> to
 
−
*<code>lts-12.15</code> for Ubuntu 19.04 (ghc 8.4.4)
 
−
*<code>lts-8.0</code> for Ubuntu 18.04 (ghc 8.0.2)</li>
 
−
<li> Continue with installation of required packages:
 
−
<pre class="bash">
 
−
stack install intero phoityne-vscode haskell-dap
 
−
</pre></li>
 
−
<li>It will produce some executable files to <code>~/.local/bin</code> copy them to: <code>/usr/local/bin</code> (or other ''search when executing'' location).
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li> Open VS Code and install extensions:
 
−
* Haskero
 
−
* Haskell GHCi Debug Adapter Phoityne
 
−
<pre class="bash">code --install-extension phoityne.phoityne-vscode
 
−
code --install-extension Vans.haskero</pre>
 
−
</li>
 
−
</ol>
 
−
== Presentations ==
 
−
<span id="presentations"></span>
 
−
Presentations used in our lectures:
 
  
−
[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FPR_introduction.pdf Introduction to FPR]
+
[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/PFP_tools.pdf Tools for Haskell]
  
−
[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf Basics of functional Programming]
+
[http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_advanced.pdf Introduction to advanced topics of functional programming]
  
 
Schedule:
 
Schedule:
−
* Lecture 1: [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=1 Page 1] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=37 Page 37]
+
# [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=1 Beginning] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=31 Page 29] (2 hours, PORUA1, 18.9.)
−
* Lecture 2: [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=38 Page 38] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=57 Page 57]
+
# [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=32 Page 30] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=49 Page 47] (2 hours, PORUA1, 25.9.)
−
* Lecture 3: Review of selected tasks from laboratories.
+
# [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=49 Page 47] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=64 Page 62] (2 hour, PORUA1, 2.10.)
−
* Lecture 4: [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=1 Page 1] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=37 Page 37]
+
# [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=65 Page 63] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=85 Page 83] (2 hour, PORUA1, 9.10)
−
* Lecture 5: [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=1 Page 1] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=37 Page 37]
+
# No lecture (16.10.)
−
* Lecture 6: [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=1 Page 1] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=37 Page 37]
+
# Summary before test and hints for Homework 1 (POREC1, 23.10.)
−
* Lecture 7: [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=1 Page 1] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/Basics_of_FP.pdf#page=37 Page 37]
+
# No lecture (30.10.)
 +
# [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=73 Page 71] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=82 Page 80] (1 hour, POREC1, 6.11.)
 +
#  Advanced topics (2 hours, POREC1, 13.11.) + Solutions for Test 1
 +
# Advanced topics (2 hours, POREC1, 20.11.) + Solutions for Homework 1
 +
# Summary before Test 2 and hints for Homework 2 (POREC1, 27.11.)
 +
# No lecture - (4.12.)
 +
# No lecture - (11.12.)
  
 
== Laboratories ==
 
== Laboratories ==
 
{{anchor|laboratories}}
 
{{anchor|laboratories}}
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_1 | Laboratory 1]]
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_2 | Laboratory 2]]
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_3 | Laboratory 3]]
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_4 | Laboratory 4]]
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_5 | Laboratory 5]]
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_6 | Laboratory 6]]
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_7 | Laboratory 7]] 
 +
# First programming test
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_9 | Laboratory 9]]  + 1. Homework
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_10 | Laboratory 10]]
 +
# [[FP_Laboratory_11 | Laboratory 11]]
 +
# Second programming test
 +
# 2. Homework + credits for the subject given. Student can repeat one of their tests.
 +
 +
Optional:
 +
* [[FP_Laboratory_12 | Laboratory 12]]
 +
Cheat sheet containing basic functions in [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_cheatsheet.pdf PDF]
 +
 +
== Homework ==
 +
 +
* [[FP_Homework_1 | Homework 1]]
 +
* [[FP_Homework_2 | Homework 2]]
 +
 +
== Combine study ==
 +
=== Tutorial 1 ===
 +
* Presentation [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=1 Beginning] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=49 Page 47]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_1 | Laboratory 1]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_1 | Laboratory 1]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_2 | Laboratory 2]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_2 | Laboratory 2]]
 +
 +
=== Tutorial 2 ===
 +
* Presentation [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=50 Page 48] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=64 Page 62]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_3 | Laboratory 3]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_3 | Laboratory 3]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_4 | Laboratory 4]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_4 | Laboratory 4]]
 +
 +
=== Tutorial 3 ===
 +
* Presentation [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=65 Page 63] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=85 Page 83]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_5 | Laboratory 5]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_5 | Laboratory 5]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_6 | Laboratory 6]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_6 | Laboratory 6]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_7 | Laboratory 7]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_7 | Laboratory 7]]
−
* First programming test
+
* There will be a short test (10 points)
 +
* First homework will be assigned.
 +
 
 +
=== Tutorial 4 ===
 +
* Presentation [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=86 Page 84] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_basics.pdf#page=102 Page 100]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_9 | Laboratory 9]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_9 | Laboratory 9]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_10 | Laboratory 10]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_10 | Laboratory 10]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_11 | Laboratory 11]]
 
* [[FP_Laboratory_11 | Laboratory 11]]
−
* [[FP_Laboratory_12 | Laboratory 12]]
+
* First homework will be evaluated (25 points).
−
* Second programming test
+
* First programming exercise (20 points)
−
* Credits for the subject given. Student can repeat one of their tests.
 
  
−
Solutions to tasks form laboratories: [[FP_Solution | Solution]]
+
=== Tutorial 5 ===
−
 
+
* Second homework will be assigned.
−
Cheat sheet containing basic functions in [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_cheatsheet.pdf PDF]
+
* Presentation [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_advanced.pdf#page=1 Beginning] - [http://linedu.vsb.cz/~beh01/wiki_data/FP_advanced.pdf#page=55 Page 53] (optional, it will not be tested)
−
== Homework ==
+
* [[FP_Laboratory_12 | Laboratory 12]] (optional, it will not be tested)
  
−
* [[FP_Homework_1 | Homework 1]]
+
=== Tutorial 6 ===
−
* [[FP_Homework_2 | Homework 2]]
+
* Second homework will be evaluated (25 points).
 +
* Second programming exercise (20 points)

Latest revision as of 10:59, 27 November 2023

Basic introduction

The course introduces the functional style of programming. It covers basic properties of the functional programming like: the side effect-free programming, functions as first-class values, high-order functions, recursion, pattern matching, or function closures. Also, course introduces selected data structures like a list and a tree and a functional style of working with these structures. As a programming language, Haskell will be used. It is a pure functional, statically typed, lazy evaluated language.

Subject aims expressed by acquired skills and competences

The basic outcome of this course will be the ability to write simple algorithms using a functional style of programming. More precisely, students will understand recursion and recursive data structures, they will be able to use high-order functions, and they will be able to define functions using the pattern matching. They will be able to use functional encapsulation mechanisms such as closures and modular interfaces and correctly reason about variables and lexical scope in programs. On practical level, they will be able to write these basic algorithms in programming language Haskell. Moreover, they will be able to recognize functional style of programming, they will understand advantages and disadvantages of this style of programming and they will be able to compare this style of programming with other approaches like imperative or object-oriented programming.

Recommended literature

  • Lipovaca M.:Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!: A Beginner's Guide (1st ed.). No Starch Press, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2011 - for free at: http://learnyouahaskell.com/
  • Thompson S.: The Haskell: The Craft of Functional Programming (3nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional, October 2, 2011, ISBN-10: 0201882957.

Way of continuous check of knowledge in the course of semester

During the exercises, students will be programming assigned tasks. Additionally, two smaller projects will be given.

Software

In our lectures, we will be using Haskell Platform with Visual Studio Code. For VS Code, we will be using an extension:

More information about various options for work environments can be found: Installation Guide

Presentations

Presentations used in our lectures:

Úvod do FPR Introduction to FPR

Základy funkcionálního programování

Basics of functional Programming

Tools for Haskell

Introduction to advanced topics of functional programming

Schedule:

  1. Beginning - Page 29 (2 hours, PORUA1, 18.9.)
  2. Page 30 - Page 47 (2 hours, PORUA1, 25.9.)
  3. Page 47 - Page 62 (2 hour, PORUA1, 2.10.)
  4. Page 63 - Page 83 (2 hour, PORUA1, 9.10)
  5. No lecture (16.10.)
  6. Summary before test and hints for Homework 1 (POREC1, 23.10.)
  7. No lecture (30.10.)
  8. Page 71 - Page 80 (1 hour, POREC1, 6.11.)
  9. Advanced topics (2 hours, POREC1, 13.11.) + Solutions for Test 1
  10. Advanced topics (2 hours, POREC1, 20.11.) + Solutions for Homework 1
  11. Summary before Test 2 and hints for Homework 2 (POREC1, 27.11.)
  12. No lecture - (4.12.)
  13. No lecture - (11.12.)

Laboratories

  1. Laboratory 1
  2. Laboratory 2
  3. Laboratory 3
  4. Laboratory 4
  5. Laboratory 5
  6. Laboratory 6
  7. Laboratory 7
  8. First programming test
  9. Laboratory 9 + 1. Homework
  10. Laboratory 10
  11. Laboratory 11
  12. Second programming test
  13. 2. Homework + credits for the subject given. Student can repeat one of their tests.

Optional:

Cheat sheet containing basic functions in PDF

Homework

Combine study

Tutorial 1

Tutorial 2

Tutorial 3

Tutorial 4

Tutorial 5

Tutorial 6

  • Second homework will be evaluated (25 points).
  • Second programming exercise (20 points)
Retrieved from "http://behalek.cs.vsb.cz/wiki/index.php?title=Functional_programming/en&oldid=3788"